The Hellenic Navy (HN) (Greek: Πολεμικό Ναυτικό, Polemikó Naftikó, abbreviated ΠΝ) is the naval force of Greece, part of the Greek Armed Forces. The modern Greek navy has its roots in the naval forces of various Aegean Islands, which fought in the Greek War of Independence. During the periods of monarchy (1833–1924 and 1936–1973) it was known as the Royal Navy (Βασιλικόν Ναυτικόν, Vasilikón Naftikón, abbreviated ΒΝ).The total displacement of all the navy's vessels is approximately 150,000 tons.The motto of the Hellenic Navy is "Μέγα το της Θαλάσσης Κράτος" from Thucydides' account of Pericles' oration on the eve of the Peloponnesian War. This has been roughly translated as "Great is the country that controls the sea". The Hellenic Navy's emblem consists of an anchor in front of a crossed Christian cross and trident, with the cross symbolizing Greek Orthodoxy, and the trident symbolizing Poseidon, the god of the sea in Greek mythology. Pericles' words are written across the top of the emblem. "The navy, as it represents a necessary weapon for Greece, should only be created for war and aim to victory."...............The Hellenic Merchant Marine refers to the Merchant Marine of Greece, engaged in commerce and transportation of goods and services universally. It consists of the merchant vessels owned by Greek civilians, flying either the Greek flag or a flag of convenience. Greece is a maritime nation by tradition, as shipping is arguably the oldest form of occupation of the Greeks and a key element of Greek economic activity since the ancient times. Nowadays, Greece has the largest merchant fleet in the world, which is the second largest contributor to the national economy after tourism and forms the backbone of world shipping. The Greek fleet flies a variety of flags, however some Greek shipowners gradually return to Greece following the changes to the legislative framework governing their operations and the improvement of infrastructure.Blogger Tips and Tricks
This is a bilingual blog in English and / or Greek and you can translate any post to any language by pressing on the appropriate flag....Note that there is provided below a scrolling text with the 30 recent posts...Αυτό είναι ένα δίγλωσσο blog στα Αγγλικά η/και στα Ελληνικά και μπορείτε να μεταφράσετε οποιοδήποτε ποστ σε οποιαδήποτε γλώσσα κάνοντας κλικ στη σχετική σημαία. Σημειωτέον ότι παρακάτω παρέχεται και ένα κινούμενο κείμενο με τα 30 πρόσφατα ποστς....This is a bilingual blog in English and / or Greek and you can translate any post to any language by pressing on the appropriate flag....Note that there is provided below a scrolling text with the 30 recent posts...Αυτό είναι ένα δίγλωσσο blog στα Αγγλικά η/και στα Ελληνικά και μπορείτε να μεταφράσετε οποιοδήποτε ποστ σε οποιαδήποτε γλώσσα κάνοντας κλικ στη σχετική σημαία. Σημειωτέον ότι παρακάτω παρέχεται και ένα κινούμενο κείμενο με τα 30 πρόσφατα ποστς.........

Friday, November 27, 2009

Geological Survey of mapped images[ 502 ]

Earth Observatory

NASA’s Newest Map of the World

By Rebecca Lindsey Design by Robert Simmon November 18, 2009

In June 2009, NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey put the finishing touches on a new collection of mapped images covering the entire land surface of the Earth and made them available to anyone, anywhere in the world, absolutely free.

The result of a collaboration between NASA, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the U.S. National Geospatial Agency, the Global Land Survey 2005 features around 9,500 images from NASA’s Landsat satellites captured between 2004–2007.

The images are detailed enough to make out features as small as 30 meters (about one-third the length of an American football field), they have been carefully screened for clouds, and each one shows the landscape during its growing season.

Some of the images are as striking as a piece of artwork. Stitched together into a single mosaic, the collection paints the most detailed picture of Earth’s land surface a person can get for free.

Global Land Survey image of Algeria.
Sand dunes deep in the Sahara Desert align perpendicular to the prevailing winds. This natural-color image was obtained on March 11, 2006, by the Landsat 7 satellite. (NASA Earth Observatory image by Robert Simmon, based on 2005 Global Land Survey data.)

Before you think about ordering it, however, consider this: to view the entire thing at full size, your computer screen would need to be as big as the Hoover Dam.

More than a pretty picture

The survey’s pretty pictures are just a fringe benefit, though. The real motivation for the project, explains remote-sensing scientist Jeff Masek, the NASA lead on the project, was the increasingly urgent need among Earth and climate scientists for a detailed global image of the land surface in which the latitude, longitude, and elevation of every pixel had been mapped.

Scientists need this view in order to understand the extent and pace of changes people are making to Earth’s surface. Landscape changes affect the climate, but perhaps more significantly, they will determine whether Earth’s natural and managed ecosystems are able to sustain the human population as it grows to a projected 9 billion people in the next 40 years.

Satellite image of Tehran, 1985.
Satellite image of Tehran, 2009.
Tehran, Iran, is one of the fastest-growing cities on Earth.
These false-color satellite images show downtown Tehran on August 2, 1985 (top), and July 19, 2009 (bottom). Urban areas appear gray and black, vegetation is bright green, and barren areas are brown. (NASA Earth Observatory images by Robert Simmon, based on Landsat 5 data.)

Of course, scientists could have used this detailed, global view several decades ago, and in theory, the earliest Landsat missions could have provided it. But only recently have scientists been able to handle the expense and the technical challenges of mapping the world with Landsat images.

A $36 Million Map

When the first Landsat launched in 1972, virtually every piece of technology that we think of as essential for viewing, sharing, or analyzing digital images either hadn’t been invented (like the World Wide Web and DVDs) or hadn’t been commercialized (like the microprocessor that runs desktop computers).

Photograph of Landsat 3 in a clean room.
Two technicians examine Landsat 3 during its assembly in 1977. The earliest Landsat satellites predate most contemporary computer technology. (Photograph courtesy the Landsat Program.)

Each Landsat image is several hundred Megabytes. Until recently, it would have taken a super computer to sort, join, and geolocate (map the latitude and longitude of) the thousands of images needed to make a global picture. “For decades, the computing challenge was huge,” says Masek.

The challenge of handling the data translated into prices that few researchers could afford. “For a number of years in the 80s and early 90s,” said Masek, when the satellites were being operated by a commercial company, “it cost about $4,000 for a single Landsat image, and it takes about 9,000 of them to map the land area of the globe.” To make a global image for just one time period would have cost $36 million.

When the government resumed satellite operations in 2000, the price per scene dropped to about $600, says Masek. And since late last year, all the Landsat scenes in the USGS archive have been free. With prices dropping, in the late 1990s, NASA began working on Landsat image mosaics centered on 1975 and 1990, and a 2000-era collection came out a few years ago.

Price may have been the primary obstacle to global Landsat mosaics for many years, but according to John Dwyer, the USGS lead on the Global Land Survey 2005 project, “monumental” technical challenges remained.

Citizens have the right to defend themselves [ 501 ]

Hit back if police officer attacks - Russian interior minister

Rashid Nurgaliyev
SHCHYOLKOVO (Moscow Region), November 26 (RIA Novosti

Ordinary citizens have the right to defend themselves against police officers who launch illegal attacks on them, Russia's interior minister said Thursday.

Rashid Nurgaliyev was speaking at a meeting with students in the Moscow Region just days after police officers in both the capital and St. Petersburg were detained on suspicion of beating innocent people to death.

"If the citizen is not a criminal who is being detained and has not broken any laws...if he is being attacked, self-defense is applicable here," the minster said in response to a question on rising police crime.

Nurgaliyev, who recently reminded police chiefs that their officers should use their weapons against criminals and not innocent citizens, said rogue police were "criminals in uniform, who need to be isolated and jailed."

Russian lawyers and rights activists warned against following the minister's advice, pointing out that the country's Criminal Code stipulates harsh penalties for attacks on police officers.

Lawyer Anatoly Kucherena said a police officer's word would always be believed, and that "criminals in uniform" could simply say "I was on duty...he committed a crime, I detained him and he resisted."

But the chief spokesman for the Russian Interior Ministry, Police Maj. Gen. Valery Gribakin said citizens "are entitled to resist a police officer if his behavior is improper."

Nurgaliyev also reiterated his intention to fight police corruption regardless of rank and position.

However, a police officer from the southern Russian city of Novorossiisk was fired earlier this month after posting a video on the web asking Prime Minister Vladimir Putin to launch a nationwide corruption probe.

The reputation of the Russian police has taken a beating in recent years, with frequent cases of police brutality. In the last 18 months, police in Russia have been convicted or charged with burning a suspect to death, shooting sprees and rape.

Climate change conference....[ 500 ]

China's premier to join Obama at climate-change summit

From Jaime FlorCruz, CNN Bejing Correspondent
November 26, 2009 -- Updated 1012 GMT (1812 HKT)
U.S. President Barack Obama and Chinese Premier Wen came face to face at talks in Beijing, China earlier this month.
U.S. President Barack Obama and Chinese Premier Wen came face to face at talks in Beijing, China earlier this month.

(CNN) -- Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao will attend a major U.N. climate-change summit next month in Denmark, a Foreign Ministry spokesman said Thursday.

Wen's attendance "will fully demonstrate the great importance the Chinese government attaches to this issue, as well as the political will of the Chinese government to cooperate with the international community," spokesman Qin Gang said at a news briefing.

Have your say at COP15 -- Join the CNN/YouTube debate

Also on Thursday, China's State Council announced plans "to reduce the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions per unit" of gross domestic product in 2020 by 40 percent to 45 percent, compared with its 2005 level, state-run media reported.

The reductions will be "based on our own national conditions" and "is a major contribution to the global effort in tackling climate change," the State Council said, according to the Xinhua news agency.

The news followed U.S. President Barack Obama's announcement Wednesday that he would attend the summit, which is to run from December 7 to 18 in Copenhagen.

The executive secretary of the climate change conference welcomed the announcements from China and the United States but called for rich countries to come up with money to help poor countries meet their goals.

"The U.S. commitment to specific, mid-term emission cut targets and China's commitment to specific action on energy efficiency can unlock two of the last doors to a comprehensive agreement," Yvo de Boer said.

"We still await clarity from industrialized nations on the provision of large-scale finance to developing countries for immediate and long-term climate action," he added.

Obama is prepared to offer a goal of the United States reducing emissions to 17 percent below 2005 levels by 2020, the White House said in a news release.

The White House also reiterated Obama's goal of reducing U.S. emissions by 83 percent by 2050.

Asked about the U.S. offer of a 17 percent reduction, China spokesman Qin said: "The U.S. is the biggest developed country in the world, so it should shoulder its historical responsibilities and obligations, commensurate to its national development level. We also believe the relevant countries and international community should make efforts toward the success of the Copenhagen conference."

The announcements by China and the United States follow the world's top economic powers acknowledging earlier this month that there was no hope of a major breakthrough over climate change by year's end. They acknowledged that at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum in Singapore, dimming hopes for the Copenhagen summit.

But Obama's decision to attend "flies in the face of predictions of failure in Copenhagen well before the conference even begins," said Oxfam America President Raymond C. Offenheiser.

The White House announcement coincided with a briefing from the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change on what must be agreed upon in Copenhagen.

De Boer, the executive secretary, welcomed Obama's decision to attend the talks, saying his presence is "critical to a good outcome."

He said the United States is the only industrialized country that hasn't yet given the group a proposal for cutting carbon emissions. It is "politically critical" that the United States indicate what it can do "in numerical terms" to reduce its climate impact, he added.

Next month's climate talks aim to strike a deal on a successor agreement to the Kyoto Protocol, the 1997 pact that has legally binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The United States never ratified it, though more than 200 nations did.

Dubai's financial crisis takes hold [ 499 ]

Dubai's six-year building boom grinds to halt as financial crisis takes hold

• Expatriates flee as work dries up and visas are rescinded
• Indian workers forced to leave with debts following them home

Arab tycoons wrapped in traditional headscarves sipped fruit juice cocktails as they watched Russian models twirl in silk dresses.

It was the most exclusive ticket in town, a private catwalk show to which the Middle East's biggest spenders had been personally invited.

But if the smiles at this week's Dubai fashion event looked more false than usual, it was for a reason. The net worth of the VIPs in attendance today is a fraction of what it was six months ago.

A six-year boom that turned sand dunes into a glittering metropolis, creating the world's tallest building, its biggest shopping mall and, some say, a shrine to unbridled capitalism, is grinding to a halt.

Dubai, one of seven states that make up the United Arab Emirates (UAE), is in crisis.

So too are British expatriates. Many of the estimated 100,000-strong community came here expecting to make millions in property, and to soak up a lavish lifestyle living alongside footballers, actors and supermodels.

But the real estate bubble that propelled the frenetic expansion of Dubai on the back of borrowed cash and speculative investment, has burst.

Many westerners are being made redundant or absconding before the strict legal system catches up with them.

Half of all the UAE's construction projects, totalling $582bn (£400bn), have either been put on hold or cancelled, leaving a trail of half-built towers on the outskirts of the city stretching into the desert.

Among the casualties is the tower Donald Trump promised would be "the ultimate in luxury", a $100bnresort complex by the beach, and four huge theme parks and an artificial island developed by the state company Nakheel.

It is not all bad news: the building projects still in play are almost the equivalent of the US stimulus package. And the city remains a haven for super-rich sheikhs, billionaire hedge fund managers and Russian oligarchs.

But banks have stopped lending and the stock market has plunged 70%. Scrape beneath the surface of the fashion parades and VIP parties, and the evidence of economic slowdown are obvious. Luxury hotels are three-quarters empty. Shopkeepers in newly-built malls are reporting a drop in sales. In Dubai you expect to see a Ferrari parked beside a Rolls-Royce. But not, as is the case now, with scruffy For Sale signs taped to the windows.

Living the dream

Nowhere sums up the fortunes of expatriates in Dubai quite like Palm Jumeirah, an artificial island fanning out into the Persian Gulf, populated by residents including the likes of David Beckham, Michael Schumacher and even, it is said, Afghanistan's president, Hamid Karzai.

At the top of the island stands the Atlantis, a garish $1.5bn hotel complex with 1,539 rooms and a whale shark swimming in a 1 million-litre fish tank.

The Atlantis's $20m inauguration celebration, where the world's A-list celebrities were treated to 1.7 tonnes of lobster and 1,000 bottles of Veuve Clicquot, was promoted as the world's biggest party.

For Palm residents, it was followed by an equally impressive hangover. The value of their villas and apartments on the Palm fell by as much as 60% in just a few months.

"Drink your last cocktail and get out of here," said Sasha Reynolds, a 33-year-old airhostess. "My boyfriend is an engineer and work has dried up. He's been offered work in Qatar but who wants to go there? People are still making money here but the parties aren't quite the same. I'm lucky ‑ I didn't buy."

The exact number of unemployed is not known. The Dubai government does not release figures, and prevents the press from running stories that damage the economy, such as mass redundancies.

But there were sacked expatriates ‑ bankers, lawyers and architects ‑ in all but one of the hotel bars visited in Dubai this week.

Employees who lose work in the UAE automatically have their visa rescinded, generally giving them 30 days to leave.

"I look out of my balcony every day and I see Brits by the pool on their laptops," said Andrew Hillocks, 29, a sacked telecoms consultant whose passport has been seized. He will be escorted to the airport next week. "They're looking for work that just isn't there. I sold my car to cover my loan, but other people are panicking."

Under Dubai's strict legal code defaulting on debt or bouncing a cheque is punishable with jail. Any expatriate in financial difficulty knows the safest bet is to take the next outbound flight.

At the airport, hundreds of cars have apparently been abandoned in recent weeks. Keys are left in the ignition and maxed out credit cards and apology letters in the glove box.

Officials put the number of vehicles at 11. "No one believes that. There are 11 cars abandoned just on my street," said Anne, 26, a fashion editor from London. "Over the past two months I've been getting an email a day from people trying to sell their stuff. 'New Jaguar – need to sell before the end of the week'."

In a world of self-made millionaires and property entrepreneurs, some remain bullish. Simon Murphy, 42, runs the exclusive Crest of Dubai social club for Palm residents. "My job is to keep people smiling," he said.

The former hedge fund adviser's apartment is a "boy's paradise". Beside the snooker table and darts board are photos of him beside Richard Branson, Alan Shearer and Pele.

"I have the beach there. My local is that bar a couple of yards away. That's the pier where they're going to dock the QE2. People ask about the whole 'living the dream' scenario? Ain't this it?"

Some people had to lose out, he said. "As they say: eagles fly with eagles. The motivating factor to come here is greed. You have to be selfish, have minimal social responsibility, and want to make money quick. Brits in Dubai are gamblers. It's the nature of the beast that not everyone wins."

The invisible losers

In the Dubai however, the losers are the invisible majority.

Taxi drivers from Egypt, Yemen and Iraq compete for work. Their clients often ask to go to hotel bars where, at night, they will find prostitutes from Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia.

Expatriates from the developing world maintained Dubai's orgy of consumption during the boom years. Now they too are being forced to leave.

Perhaps those who suffer most are the construction workers from the Indian subcontinent, who have worked on perilous building sites earning as little as £70 a month.

The Indian embassy is reportedly anticipating an exodus with 20,000 seats on flights to India already "bulk-booked" for next month.

Buses come to pick up 250 workers every night from one dusty street on the edge of Sonapur, a labour camp on the edge of the desert.

As night falls, the gangly silhouettes of construction workers file out of the camp gates. "There is no work," said Jasvinder Singh, 24, placing his suitcase in a pick-up truck, the words "Dubai to Delhi" taped to the side.

"It has been such a drama. We came here to earn money. We are going home to see our wives but our pockets are empty."

Sanjit, 44, another construction worker from Punjab, gestures angrily in the air: "We were treated badly here. We were slaves to the Arabs."

But unlike their British counterparts, construction workers from India, Bangladesh and Pakistan cannot abandon lives in the glove compartment of a 4x4. Most took loans to pay agent fees to come to Dubai, and their debts will follow them home.

"I sold our land and took loans in the village to come here," said Imran Hassan, a 20-year-old Bangladeshi farmer. "I paid the agent £2,000 to bring me. He said I would earn 1,500 dirham [£287] a month, but we are paid 572 dirham. When I return people in the village will want their money but I have none."

A Welsh construction site manager said he had protested to his boss about the treatment of labourers.

"We tell them to bring their clothes to work one day and then we send them home. It makes me feel sick. I asked why it had to be done so quickly and I was told a lot of them commit suicide and we don't want that on our hands."

Tale of two cities

Dubai's future will actually be decided well way from the shimmering skyscrapers.

To find out why, you need to drive along 90 miles south along the Gulf coastline, past tiny Bedouin enclaves and shimmering desert mosques.

Abu Dhabi, the oil-rich capital of the UAE and the richest emirate, has opted for a more conservative – and, some say – prudent approach to growth that contrasts with Dubai's giddy expansion.

But it boasts 95% of the UAE's oil reserves and more than half of its GDP, and regional experts predict it will overtake Dubai as the destination of choice for westerners in the Middle East.

Dubai, which has barely a trickle of oil in comparison, is projecting a 42% increase in public spending on infrastructure projects, to compensate for vanishing private investment. But it cannot go it alone. Abu Dhabi is increasingly expected to bail out its poorer neighbour, and the two ruling families are meeting regularly to decide how to transfer cash into Dubai's ailing economy.

"The question is not if Abu Dhabi will come to the rescue, but how big it will be and how public," a source with knowledge of the negotiations said. "Abu Dhabi cannot let Dubai sink."

But Abu Dhabi has its own problems. The emirate's sovereign wealth fund – once said to be worth $1 trillion – has taken a hit in the global recession, while the lifeblood of the economy – the price of oil – is down more than 60%.

Thirty miles from the capital, dust rises from the barren horizon where a 10km-long building site is being turned into al-Raha Beach, an $18bn waterfront city, a joint venture between Aldar, Abu Dhabi's largest property developer, and Laing O'Rourke, the UK's largest construction company.

"A lot of staff have been moved over here from Dubai," said Paul, 35, a Laing O'Rourke project manager, raising his voice over the noise of JCBs.

"But it is all coming to a stop here too. There are mass redundancies now. We've gone from an expat workforce of about 1,000 to about 400. There are more waves of redundancies coming this week."

He said he could not be sure, but by his estimate more than half of the al-Raha development had been quietly shelved.

"I've not been made redundant myself but I've decided to go home in April. The wife and kids have already left. A lot of people are jumping ship beforethere are no lifeboats left."

Back in Dubai the following day, a Mercedes Benz snaked along the city's main street, Sheikh Zayed Road. A 35-year-old Emirati property magnate dressed in traditional Arabic clothing sat in the driver's seat, listening as Veronica Chapman, 65, a real estate agent from Hull, recalled what the city was like when she first arrived in 1980.

"No milk, no bread, no schools. It was a desert and a couple of buildings," she said.

The developer slowed the car to point out abandoned building sites where cranes stood still in the baking heat. "Here we are completely reliant on foreigners," he said. "Maybe Dubai grew too fast."

· This article was amended on Wednesday February 18 2009 to conceal the identity of one of the sources.

Thursday, November 26, 2009

Russia: No Space for Space Tourists[ 498 ]

Russian official says no space for tourists at International Space Station for now
STAR CITY, Russia November 26, 2009 (AP)
The Associated Press


Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency astronaut Soichi Noguchi, left, Russian cosmonaut Oleg Kotov, center, and U.S. astronaut Timothy J. Creamer, right, are seen before the final test in a mock-up of the Zvezda and Zarya training module in Star City outside Moscow, Russia, Thursday, Nov. 26, 2009.

The three are the next crew scheduled to blast off to the International Space Station on Dec. 21 from Baikonur cosmodrom. (AP Photo/Mikhail Metzel)


A top Russian space official says there is no space for tourists wishing to fly to the International Space Station.

Sergei Krikalyov said that since the space stations crew has doubled to six people, there is no room for tourists in the Russian spacecraft that link the station with Earth.

Russia's Soyuz spacecraft will provide the only link to the station after the planned retirement of the U.S. shuttle fleet next year.

Canadian Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberte returned to Earth last month after a stint as the seventh paying space tourist aboard the station.

Krikalyov, the chief of the Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City outside Moscow, spoke Thursday during a training session for a crew going to station in late December.

Copyright 2009 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.